不同叶顶间隙下斜流泵内部 流动特性的数值模拟

为研究轮缘叶顶间隙对斜流泵性能和流动不稳定特性的影响,基于SST k-ω湍流模型对某斜流泵选取了0, 0.25, 1.00, 2.00 mm 4种尺寸的叶顶间隙进行数值计算,分析间隙区域内压差分布、泄漏量、叶顶泄漏涡旋强度以及进口轴面速度分布.结果表明:不同运行工况下,斜流泵泄漏量从叶轮进口到叶轮出口先增大后减小,其与间隙区内压差变化趋势相吻合.叶顶泄漏量随着间隙尺寸的增大而增大,导致泵的能量损失增大.经对比发现,间隙尺寸是影响叶顶泄漏量的主要因素.小流量工况下,随着叶顶间隙尺寸的增大,叶顶泄漏流与主流卷吸作用形成的泄漏涡强度逐渐增强.部分泄漏流进入相邻叶片通道,导致其流动失稳.随着叶顶间隙的增大,斜流泵能量损失明显增多,且内流不稳定性明显加剧.增大流量后,不同间隙下叶顶泄漏涡旋转强度均逐渐降低.     

大型贯流式泵站快速门加速启动过渡过程

为研究大型贯流式泵站机组闸门加速启动过程中的外特性参数变化及流态变化,对灯泡贯流泵机组进行三维建模,采用Fluent软件中的UDF来控制闸门的启动过程,使用铺层法动网格技术来控制闸门处网格生成与消灭,并设定S-A模型作为湍流模型,对灯泡贯流泵机组启动过程进行瞬态数值模拟.计算结果表明:当贯流泵机组快速门以10倍设计速度启动时,机组的转速与流量将以更快的速度达到额定转速与额定流量,同时瞬间最大倒灌流量相比未加速启动时增加了30%.当贯流泵机组处于倒流状态时,靠近轮毂处叶轮叶道压力面的压强呈现出从叶轮进水边向出水边逐渐递增的分布规律.当机组处于零流量的临界状态时,混乱的流态导致压力集中及脱流现象加重,叶轮进水边负压区范围扩大且程度加深.     

Response of industrial hemp to Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities under organic and conventional fertilisation

A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the effects of different nutrition systems and Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities on industrial hemp yield and its components. Experiments were conducted as a split plot in a randomised complete block design with three replicates. Factors were fertilisation (poultry manure, vermicompost and nitrogen fertiliser) as the main plot and weed density (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 plants/m²) as the subplot. Results indicated that the maximum number of racemes per plant, seeds per raceme, 1000-seed weight, biomass, grain yield and harvest index (HI) of industrial hemp were obtained using vermicompost and were reduced with nitrogen fertiliser application. All measured properties in hemp plants decreased due to increasing S. kali subsp. tragus density, especially at 15 and 20 plants/m². The most significant reduction in hemp grain yield and its components was observed by increasing weed density with the application of nitrogen fertiliser. The application of vermicompost at high weed densities resulted in greater hemp grain yield and its components compared with nitrogen fertiliser. It is recommended to apply organic fertilisers, especially vermicompost at high S. kali subsp. tragus densities.     

Herbage production,nutritive value and animal productivity within hardwood silvopasture,open and mixed pasture systems in Appalachia,United States

Demand for livestock food products is projected to increase dramatically through to 2050. Increased livestock production capacity on marginal lands will be critical to meeting this demand. A 5‐year research effort was undertaken to evaluate lamb and sward productivity within open and hardwood silvopasture (SP) systems in Appalachia, USA. Grazing began in mid to late April each year, with the grazing season averaging 141 d. Grazing system treatments during 2002 and 2003 grazing seasons were as follows: 100% open pasture (OP), 67% OP and 33% SP, and 67% OP and 33% SP with delayed SP grazing initiation (OSD). In 2004, a 100% SP (SP) system was added. Animals were rotationally stocked through either 6 (2002–2004) or 7 (2005–2006) paddocks. Open pasture produced greater (P < 0·001) grazing season herbage yield, while all systems generated similar animal performance. Based on summer solstice, herbage production in spring was greater (P < 0·001) than summer, except in 2003. Total non‐structural carbohydrate (TNC) content was greater (P < 0·05) in spring than in summer, except in 2004. Animal performance was superior in spring versus summer (P < 0·001). Animal plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) was lower (P < 0·05) for OP in 2003. When PUN was correlated with nutritive value indicators, the ratio of TNC to crude protein (CP) had the strongest correlation. The strong correlation indicates the need for synchronized ruminal energy and CP availability. Development of silvopasture from existing woodlots has potential to improve whole farm productivity on marginal lands.     

Sorghum extrusion process combined with biofortified sweet potato contributed for high iron bioavailability in Wistar rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sorghum and sweet potato on the bioavailability of iron, gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism and the plasma antioxidant capacity in animals fed with whole sorghum grains processed by dry heat or extrusion, combined or not with sweet potato flour with high content of carotenoids. Five experimental groups were tested (n = 7): dry heat sorghum flour (DS); extruded sorghum flour (ES); whole sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (DS + SP); extruded sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (ES + SP) and positive control (FS). The evaluations included: hemoglobin gain, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, gene expression of divalente metal transporter 1 (DMT-1), duodenal citochroma B (DcytB), ferroportin, hephaestin, transferrin and ferritin and total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC). The ES + SP group showed higher (p < 0.05) expression of DcytB, ferroportin and hephaestin when compared to the control group. The DS group showed high (p < 0.05) expression of DMT-1 and the ES showed high mRNA expression of transferrin and ferritin. The changes in the sorghum physicochemical properties from extrusion process reduced the iron and phytate content, and increased the gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism, improving iron bioavailability. The combination of sweet potato and sorghum flour (dry or extruded) improved the iron capture and total antioxidant capacity, probably due to the presence of β-carotene and antioxidant compounds.     

基于柱塞泵与单片机的可控施肥机设计与喷灌试验

为了实现水肥一体化施肥装备流量精确且无水头损失,设计了一种基于柱塞泵与单片机的高精度可控施肥机,开展了恒流模式下6个流量梯度的喷灌系统施肥均匀性试验;以喷头总流量变化幅度为变量,设计了在1∶10的水肥配比下2种灌溉总流量变化幅度的不同工况,对比启、闭可控施肥机恒定水肥比例模式对水肥一体化支管内肥料浓度稳定性的影响效果.试验结果表明,高精度可控施肥机在流量分别为100,200,400,600,800,1 000 L/h的6种恒流模式时,喷灌均匀系数C_U为99.33%~99.71%、变异系数C_V为0.35%~0.75%;C_U,C_V与施肥机流量分别呈正相关与负相关关系,且喷头喷洒肥液的电导率总平均值E_C_-与施肥机流量之间具有显著的正相关性.在恒定水肥比例模式时,试验组管道内肥液浓度在160 s时趋于稳定,且稳定后肥液电导率与目标值偏差率小于4%.高精度可控施肥机恒流模式试验表明施肥机大流量下施肥均匀性变异系数仅为小流量下的50%,且改变施肥机的流量是水肥一体化喷灌系统实现高均匀度变量施肥的一种有效途径;试验证明恒水肥配比模式可有效减小支管肥料浓度受外界的影响.     

无源蓄冷控温运输箱设计与试验

针对蓄冷运输箱信息化程度低、控温时间短、控温困难等问题,设计了一款集控温、远程监控、定位、故障诊断等功能于一体的蓄冷运输箱。以脐橙为试验对象,结合能耗模型,对蓄冷控温箱控温性能进行了研究。结果表明,箱内各截面温度不均匀系数分别为0.38、0.47、0.78,温度极差最大值为2.8℃,均匀性较好;当蓄冷剂用量为180 kg,预冷脐橙660 kg,在外部环境平均温度26.39℃的条件下,总控温时长为122 h,风机共执行控温21次,且随着蓄冷量减少,风机开启控温所用时间呈指数上升趋势,决定系数不小于0.928 0;结合能耗模型分析得出,该箱体在广州夏季高温环境下可控温5 d以上,能够满足远距离运输要求。